70 Dr. Sara Galbraith – Measuring Success: Mason Bees as an Indicator of Forest Management Quality (in English)

Speaker 1: From the Oregon State University Extension Service, this is Pollination, a podcast that tells the stories of researchers, land managers, and concerned citizens making bold strides to improve the health of pollinators.

I'm your host, Dr. Adoni Melopoulos, assistant professor in pollinator health in the Department of Horticulture. A common theme in episodes of pollination is how different types of land management affect pollinator communities. For many researchers, this involves going into different management regimes and trapping or netting bees to see if there is a difference in the bee community. Now, there are some real limitations to this approach, so I was really excited to net Dr. Sarah Galbraith, who's a postdoctoral researcher here at Oregon State University, to talk about an innovative approach that she's using to measure how bees respond to different types of forest management. And spoiler alert, this method involves the beloved orchard mason bee.

But before we get started, I want to make a quick announcement. We are starting up our training for the Oregon Bee Atlas, so if you're in Oregon and want to get involved this year, visit the Oregon Bee Project website at OregonBeeProject.org and follow the tab to the Bee Atlas site, there's a form there to register. Okay, but without further ado, here's Dr. Sarah Galbraith. All right, so I'm really glad to have Dr. Galbraith join us on pollination.

Welcome to pollination. Thank you, it's great to be here. This is a great show. I'm really excited about it because it kind of picks up on a past episode we had with Dr. Jim Rivers, who's also across the street in Forestry, and he sort of put on the table how we manage forests might influence bee communities. Can you briefly remind us of some of the factors that are associated with how we manage forests and how they might affect the kind of bees we see flying by?

Speaker 2: Yeah, so one thing that Jim emphasized in his episode that I think is really important for putting forest management into context is that forests are really dynamic ecosystems. So many of the organisms like pollinators that live in forested landscapes are adapted to different types of change and disturbance within those forests.

So before we were even managing forests, there were natural disturbances like wildfire or wind throw that would periodically open up the forest canopy and create these more open habitats within a forested landscape.

Speaker 1: Okay, because I can imagine in the deep, dark forest there's probably a couple of pollinators, but those disturbances are really linked to them really appearing in numbers.

Speaker 2: Yeah, so one of the main things that we measure to determine pollinator habitat is really light availability because pollinators depend on flowering plants, and flowering plants depend on their being light in a lot of cases. So when the canopy opens up and the sunlight is let through, that's when you get a lot of the important pollinator habitat. And of course, it differs by species and there might be exceptions to that, but by and large, we find that disturbances open up habitat for a lot of different pollinators. So when we think about forest management, it's kind of a novel disturbance or a new type of disturbance that we create. And in some ways, it might mimic natural disturbance by creating openings in the forest.

And in other ways, it might be different. So I think in our lab one of the things we're really trying to pull apart is how forest management acts like a disturbance and what ways those create pollinator habitats and what types of changes we can make in management to really support pollinator habitat as well. So some examples specifically of ways that forest management can affect pollinators, one way is just really directly by harvesting. So when managers go in and they harvest timber from the forest, they're creating large areas that are now open habitats. And so generally that's going to increase bee habitat, but then additional components of management after harvest like herbicide use or replanting, that can further affect how we're really supporting that bee habitat once that open area is there.

Speaker 1: Okay, so the trees come out, you get that light in, you have all these wildflowers and all the little places where bees can nest or whatever, but you could be having some herbicides, the plant community really changes and it might really.

Speaker 2: Yeah, and so those more complex influences of forest management is where we really have a lot of questions. And I think Jim mentioned in his podcast as well that we actually did a workshop with land managers a few years ago.

And a lot of what we were hearing was that they don't have basic information to guide decisions that will allow for pollinator habitat. So that's one of the things that we've started to focus on. We actually summarized some of the results from that workshop and that's coming out in the Journal of Forestry. Oh, cool. Yeah, so I'm excited about that. And I think that those are some of the questions that we're now going to focus on.

Speaker 1: Okay, no, that's cool. So I guess the one thing is you've got this different kind of disturbances and sort of measuring their impacts, the quality of habitat that's created through that disturbance. Is it straightforward? I mean, I know, well, I guess I want to ask you what are some of the problems associated with assessing whether some practice is really good or bad for bees? How do you go up with a little dipsticker?

Speaker 2: How does it work? So as with all things in ecology, it's not straightforward at all. And there are a lot of challenges in measuring the quality of habitat for bees, especially because they are such mobile organisms and they're often foraging different distances, depending on the species and depending on the available habitat. So some of our biggest challenges are really methodological. So for example, one of the most common ways to measure whether bees are within a habitat is to use traps.

Right. So we'll sample bees either by putting out passive traps where we leave them in the stand and come back and check them in a couple of days, or we might net those bees and see what they're visiting in a stand. And that gives us really good information about the presence or absence of certain species.

So we can look at abundance or species richness. But we're still missing a big part of the question because we don't actually know where those bees are nesting and how associated they really are with that area that we're sampling. And we also don't know if the bees are actually being successful in that environment. So in biology, kind of the major measurement of success for a given organism is fitness or whether it's successfully reproducing. And so one of the sorts of drawbacks to just using trapping methods is you don't know if those organisms are actually successful after they're foraging within those.

Speaker 1: Oh, because they could have, they could have been flying through and it might have been really bad on them. Like they, they came into this habitat, they made a nest and they just like, there's not enough food here.

Speaker 2: And yeah. So some different scenarios, you could be collecting a bee that has a nest that's several hundred meters away in a totally different forest patch, or you could also be sampling a bee that's visiting a flower. And you might draw the conclusion that great, this flower is really good for this bee. But maybe what they're gathering there is a second-rate resource.

Speaker 1: Okay. Okay. So these standard ways of just going out and kind of like, I guess it's kind of like bringing your little trawler through and catching all the bees misses a lot of these kind of connections and these, you might falsely judge something as quality when in fact it's just adjacent to something.

Speaker 2: And yeah, I think it, it's a, it's a really important measurement, but it leaves some questions unanswered. So that's really led us to start to try to innovate and use some new methods to measure habitat quality. And what we've started doing is what we think of as a sort of bioassay for habitat quality. And by that, I mean, we're using one species and looking at its response as a way of measuring components of the habitat quality. And so for that, we're actually taking nests for the blue orchard bee. Okay, great.

Yeah. So Osmea Lignaria, which I know a lot of people have talked about on this podcast, we're using that one species and we're putting it into stands with nests. And then by looking at their fitness, we're starting to get a better idea of how a native bee species might actually be doing in habitats that are managed differently or that have experienced different types of disturbances in recent history.

Speaker 1: Oh, that's really remarkable. So you've got, you've got, uh, rather than kind of going through seeing these bees and you don't know much about them, you've got, you actually put them there and you can see how many, how many offspring they have. If they've done really well, you should be able to look at the thing and say they did really well. Yeah.

Speaker 2: And we know so much about these mason bees and some of the other species that we manage that could work for these types of experiments, that it gives us the ability to test all sorts of different hypotheses, whether it's about their fitness or the resources they're using or all sorts of other questions about how they're interacting with that habitat.

Speaker 1: This is fantastic. Well, let's take a quick break and I want to come back and ask you just how this, you called it a bioassay. Yes. How this, how the nuts and bolts of how this works, and some of the interesting things you're finding. Great. Sounds good. Awesome. All right.

So we're back. And so one thing that I did, we're in Oregon and this is like, we know that we have the listeners who are the parts of the US and they may not, they're like, why are you doing forest? But I guess I like the importance of forests to Oregon.

Speaker 2: Yeah. Forests are a big part of the economy in Oregon. Almost half of the land in Oregon is actually forested. And I saw an estimate that about 80% of that is timber land. So means that it's not necessarily protected to not be harvested and it's actually potential land that can be used to grow timber. So forest management is a really important question out West in general and especially in places like Oregon because so much of our land has potential pollinator habitat. And if we manage it properly, I think we could really support pollinators like wild bees that again can serve critical purposes like pollinating our wild plants, supporting biodiversity, and then even maybe moving into some of those agricultural patches that are mixed in with forested areas in states like this.

Speaker 1: Oh, you know, and I, you know, those of us who are in the state have been down to the South Coast, you've got that big cranberry industry and it's just butted right up against the forests. Yeah.

Speaker 2: Yeah. And it's, it might not be like that in all areas of Oregon, but I think there are some places where forests might be providing critical habitat for our pollinators.

Speaker 1: Yeah. Okay. All right. Thanks for setting that up. But so, okay, we, we, before the break, we're talking, you've got this bioassay, this new, this way of kind of going in and kind of getting around some of the limitations of just kind of pat of monitoring for bees or incidentally coming through. Can you walk us through like, what's the basic setup? Like what are you actually putting in these forest blocks? What does it look like?

Speaker 2: Yeah. So kind of a little background, one of the first and most challenging steps is you have to sort of select your stands and some thought has to be put into that because when we're using a species like Osmia Lignaria, they're known to forage pretty long distances that they need to. So we're looking for stands that represent this gradient of whatever we're measuring, maybe like forest management. And we have to make sure the stands are a kilometer or maybe even two kilometers apart so that we know that that's where the bee is foraging.

Right. So once we pick our stands, we set up some of the binder boards. So the mason bee nests that a lot of people might use in their orchards or their backyards, and we put those in a post in the woods. And we actually place the cocoons that we purchased, the adult cocoons, along with the nest.

Speaker 1: I remember seeing this design, which I think comes from Idaho, right?

Speaker 2: The nest design. Yeah. It's Karen Strickler, pollinator paradise. Those are the binder boards we really like to use.

Speaker 1: I was so impressed with them because of the cocoon, so the binder boards, this is just for listeners who are not into the lingo. These aren't drilled blocks. These are like laminated blocks so you can get in and remove the cocoons.

Speaker 2: Yeah. So that's why we really like them. They kind of open up like a book. Yeah. And so you're able to really get in and we can evaluate all sorts of things about the offspring that way.

Speaker 1: But this was a really slick little unit because it's got like a little tin roof and the cocoons just go underneath. Like it's like. Yeah. And I was so, I was so impressed.

Speaker 2: Yes. And along with the binder boards, we make these little emergence tubes out of PVC pipe and we put in a set proportion of males and females and a set number of adult cocoons, and that whole setup gets placed into our stand.

Speaker 1: And so where does it go? Do you hang it on something?

Speaker 2: We put it on just a regular like a T-post. Uh-huh. So actually the hardest part is you have to bring a post-pounder.

Speaker 1: A pounder in the middle of a block. Down the steeble off into the woods. So my cruise is really strong. So we go out there and do this crazy work and then we put the nest, you know, we just zip tie it onto these T-posts nice and sturdy. And we do that around, you know, April when people are putting the mason bees in their backyard. Yeah.

And when the adults emerge, they mate and then the females are going to forage in that area and be looking for resources so that they can deposit their eggs into the nest. Cool. And because we worked so much with managed mason bees, we do know that they like nesting in these blocks. Yeah. And we have pretty good evidence to be confident that they're going to forage and then they're going to return to that block if the habitat is somewhere that they want to stick around. Okay, cool.

Speaker 2: So, yeah, the females, they're going to go, they're going to get pond and nectar, they're going to deposit their eggs into our nests. And then the offspring will develop into adults throughout the spring and the summer. And we can see how well those bees did based on how many offspring they had and all sorts of other variables about what they were able to do within that habitat.

Speaker 1: Okay, this is really cool. So, yes, tell us a little bit about what you measure. So, you get the end of the season, which is about now, I guess. You guys are probably trucking around, picking these things up. Yeah.

Speaker 2: So, we actually wrapped up, I think the end of August, we wrapped up our project.

Speaker 3: Oh, sorry. So, we're a little, yeah. So, we've actually had some time to go through our data at this point, which is really exciting for the current project that we're working on. So, the observation stage, interestingly enough, we can start even in May once the adult bees start getting active.

Oh. So, some of the things that we start measuring while they're still out in the stands, we look at habitat characteristics, of course. So, we're looking at the temperature within the block, since, you know, insects depend on temperatures to be warm in order to be active. We look at the canopy cover. We also look at the flowers that are in that habitat.

And so, we have some of that background information. And then right when the adult bees are emerging, we actually can look at their activity. As a way of starting to understand how they're doing. So, sometimes we'll set up a camera actually in front of the nest and we'll record their activity. And based on how long the female bees are gone between when they leave the nest and they return, is a good measurement for their foraging distance.

Speaker 1: I'll be darned. So, you kind of like get your camera set up there. You go do some work and then you see, oh, this bee left this hole and it came back. And if it takes a long time for them to come back, they're searching. It's probably pretty hard for them to find something. Yeah.

Speaker 2: And you can look at the bee's behavior. You can usually angle the camera to make sure that what you're recording, you can tell if they're gathering pollen. So, you know, it's a foraging trip. And you can sort of determine the average time.

Speaker 1: So, you kind of like put the, shoot up to the sky. Yes.

Speaker 2: That's what we've been trying to do. Very cool. Yeah. It's really interesting to watch those videos and see what they're doing in their nests and see how long they're gone. Okay. So, when they're foraging, you got all of these things you can collect. Yes.

Speaker 2: And we can also look at when the nests are active and when they're completed. So, we can get a measurement of the rate of activity. So, some of the things we look for are whether the bees are moving in and out or if there are pollen trails in the holes that are in that block. Pollen trails? Yeah. So, you can look inside and sometimes we even use an otoscope, which is what the doctors use to look in people's ears. Okay.

So, you can use this little light, and if you can sometimes tell if they've been moving in and out of that nest because you can see like little trails of pollen in the nest. Yeah. My God. So, it's really fun. We'll go and observe these things and also take notes on how many of the nests are capped. And so, we can see the rate of activity happening.

Uh-huh. And then, all of that happens while they're still in their nests, and usually by early June they're kind of wrapping up their activity and starting to slow down and when we stop seeing females active, that's when we harvest those nests. And one of the reasons we try to get them out early is because a lot of times we'll have bear activity on our nests.

Speaker 3: So, I do try to get them out before the bears try to... Bears can be very curious. So, once we harvest those nests, then we have all sorts of other things that we can look at, and one of the really neat things that we can do, we, you know, like with a lot of mason bee nests, we have little cardboard tubes that are in each of the holes. We can pull out all of the tubes and actually X-ray them so that without disturbing the nests, we can look at the X-ray images and we can count the number of offspring per nest. We can also look at the sex ratio because you can even tell in an x-ray pretty well whether you have a male or female bee. And sometimes you can even see, for example, if there's parasitoid activity or you can tell if the bee died before it made it to the adult stage.

Speaker 1: Oh, because it'll just look like a cocoon on the outside, but inside something's gotten funky.

Speaker 2: Yep. Yep. So, those are all things you can see in the x-ray.

Speaker 1: So, do you just like take all these tubes and just like they all lay flat and they'll move? Like, how does that work?

Speaker 2: Yeah, the organizational part is really challenging. What I usually do is just take masking tape. So, you open the nest up like a book. You put the masking tape over this row of cardboard nests and pull it out and you end up with these sheets of nests. So, put those in the x-ray machine, and then you come up with these really clean images all in rows. And we can even keep track of, you know, the first females that were deposited into the nest over time.

So, not only do you get an idea of overall offspring, but you're looking at how it's changing over time. Okay. Yeah. And so, those are some of the things we measure at that stage. And finally, in the spring, when those offspring have developed into adults, there are a couple more measurements we can make. We can incubate those cocoons and we can actually look at how well they do once they emerge.

So, how long do they survive? And we can also then see finally, if we have any sneaky species that got in there that aren't osmial generic, maybe some parasitoids that we didn't see in the x-ray, those are all kind of final stage data we can get if we emerge them out from the cocoon.

Speaker 1: But this is all coming back to this question of quality, because if you just saw that bee flying through, it was like, oh, osmial egnaria is here. You would not be able to know whether it was nesting readily, it was having short foraging trips, it was having a lot of offspring, that those offspring were healthy and not parasitized. Now you've got, like, when looking at this forest and you're measuring, you got all of this wild, wonderful data.

Speaker 2: Yeah. It's really interesting. And I think, you know, other people have used mason bees to measure things about habitat, but there's still a lot of opportunities to look at the data in new ways and it's sort of an unending resource of information for us, which is great.

Speaker 1: Okay, so you must now have, after you've done this for, you had last year and this is your second year doing this, you must see a lot of variation. Yes.

Speaker 2: So we've been looking, actually this is the second project that we're doing it with. So the first project where we started using this method was looking at the influence of wildfire severity on bees.

Okay. We did this in the Douglas complex, which is in southwestern Oregon. It was an area where some regions of the fire burnt with just low severity. So when you go in a couple of years later, you can maybe see some char on the trees, but otherwise, it still looks like a forest. And then there were other areas of the forest that burned really severely to the point where there were no trees left, right?

When you go back. So we put these mason bees in different regions of the forest that burned at different severities. And then we looked at how that influenced things like the offspring number and the sex ratio of those mason bees. It was interesting because we also did traditional trapping and we found that more severe fires resulted in us finding more bee abundance and more species richness because it was these open habitats. So we expected to find that the bees would do a lot better in the stands that burn more severely.

But what was really interesting was that our mason bees actually did pretty similarly across all of the different burn severity types. And we looked at the area immediately surrounding the nest. But then when we expanded our analysis and we looked at the bigger landscape around the nest, up to a thousand meters surrounding the nest, when the average burn severity at that greater distance was higher, that's when we started seeing that there would be more bee offspring and more females. So what we ended up finding was that when the greater surroundings were more severe, like the difference between a low severity burn and a moderate low-severity burn would result in about one more cocoon per nest. So when you think about those times,, usually an adult mason bee will make a couple of nests in their lifetime and also thousands of bees, that could be a pretty big difference in how well the population is doing.

Wow. And then similarly, we found that at this greater distance with the increase in burn severity at a thousand meters around the nest, we would go from about a 40 percent female rate at the lowest burn severity to a 60 percent female rate at the highest burn severity. Which is good. This is good because more females mean more adults that will be producing offspring. Okay.

Speaker 1: So this is kind of counterintuitive. You think a mason bee is short, just, you know, when you go into an orchard, people say, oh, put a block every 50 meters. But here, the greater distance is really influencing the reproduction. How do you explain that? What's your sort of hypothesis?

Speaker 2: Well, we do know that mason bees can forage long distances. I think estimates I've seen are that they will forage a kilometer to a kilometer and a half if they need to. So I think that what it's really showing is that because they're able to forage long distances resources that are available are going to be really important at that scale. And even things like a roadside gap where there'll be flowers or a chunk of high severity burn in this case, that can provide enough flowers that it can allow a female to successfully forage. So I think that's also really good information for somebody like a land manager that whatever flowering plants they're able to supplement within a forested landscape could have a really big impact because bees are able to forage and search for flowers like this.

Speaker 1: That's really interesting. At the break, we're talking that you've also looked at canopy cover. You have another study. Yeah.

Speaker 2: So that was the project we did in 2017. This summer we started a new project and we're looking at how management intensity and stand age affect pollinator communities. And we're doing this study here in the coastal range. So really right outside of Corvallis, we went and established stands that are different management intensities, meaning that managers might have used more herbicides on some of the stands compared to others.

And then we also are looking at stand ages from immediately after harvest all the way up to a 36-year-old stand, which is really a mature forest from what we would perceive it to be when we're looking around. And so we haven't really gotten into the management intensity data yet, which I think is going to be really interesting. But already I've looked at the activity in the blocks. So just noting whether they're capped or not, or whether the bees were going in and out of those nests. And what's really cool is that between stands that are zero years old and stands that are 36 years old, the mason bee blocks go from having 20 to 30 nests down to having only about five active nests per block. So in these managed units, the really young stands that are basically just open habitat, almost all of those nests are having activity and potentially even getting filled up with offspring. And then a really mature forest stand, the bees are either not able to reproduce, or they're just leaving and going somewhere else where they can find flowers. Okay.

Speaker 1: Well, that's tends to reason. And it's interesting to sort of like have that whole dataset aligned so you can get a sense of quality. And this is way more, I guess, than if you were just, I can imagine if you're in the forest, there's not a lot of flowers around. It'd be very hard to measure quality because you go from flower to flower. This is great. This is awesome. Yeah.

Speaker 2: And again, I think it, you know, we obviously need to do the study for a second year and get more into our findings. But I think already it's starting to reflect an important message that if landowners are trying to supplement habitat and create good habitats for pollinators, it's important to focus right in on those young stands that they've just harvested and think about what flowers are available at that level.

Cause that's when it's really important. And we're really finding that within 10 years, those open habitats are gone when a stand is managed for timber. So for a stand that's less than 10 years old, that's when you have the opportunity to supplement the habitat for, for your pollinators.

Speaker 1: Any early messages on how that can be done? Or what I know that's a big question, but don't you were a woodlot owner listening to this episode and you're kind of like, ah, I really like to get on this. And I know this is really early, but what are some of the kinds of things that might be able to do?

Speaker 2: Well, you know, I think that a lot of researchers would generally agree that providing native flowers that are pollinator friendly, is one of the most important things you can do. So like in the Douglas complex, we saw so many bees visiting, Cianothus and other flowers that are plants that have a lot of flowers, a lot of nectar, and especially our natives, because from what we can understand, that's probably what they were adapted to visit. Right. So I think that supplementing the habitat with native flowering plants is always going to be a good decision. Okay.

Speaker 1: Excellent. Well, let's take a break. I've got a series of questions I asked all my guests. I'm curious what your answers are going to be. Okay. We are back. So favorite book. Is there a book that you would recommend to people? Yeah.

Speaker 2: I just started reading a book by Thor Hansen called Buzz. Oh. And I love it, I like plugging it because he's a fellow alumnus of the University of Idaho and Katye where I did my doctorate as well. So I started reading that and I think it's really fascinating. It's just kind of a fun read with a lot of information about bees and their history.

Speaker 1: And it's a new book too. Yes. Yeah. I've actually, lots of people say we need to review that book on this episode. Cool.

Speaker 2: Well, I like it.

Speaker 1: So I guess we've been talking about tools all along. When we ask all our guests, is there a go-to tool that you really love? Yeah.

Speaker 2: So for me, when I'm doing fieldwork, you know, I didn't grow up in Oregon. I didn't have a lot of context for understanding some of the native plants. And I think understanding flowers is really key for understanding pollinators. So I use the Oregon Flora Project app.

Speaker 3: I don't find flowers and it's awesome. You know, you can be in the middle of the woods and you don't need the internet or anything. You just pull out your phone and you can get usually pretty close to identifying it or at least getting started identifying a lot of flowers with that app.

Speaker 1: I know we're just, you know, waiting with bated breath for the new release, the symbiote release of Oregon flora. But the one thing that I really love this year is I discovered the Oregon flora Facebook group.

And so Linda or somebody's constantly every day kind of putting up another, this is in bloom in this obscure part of the state. Amazing. Okay. Awesome. Great. I'm your, your rat and I'm two for two.

Speaker 2: Let's see how you do on the third one. Okay. Pollinator species. Do you have a pollinator species? Yes. You love it. So I did my PhD in Costa Rica and I fell in love with orchid bees. Oh, cool. Yeah. So orchid bees, they're like the tropical cousin to honey bees and bumble bees. And they're just these absolutely gorgeous, crazy looking bees. Their tongue can be twice their body length. Wow.

Speaker 3: So that's pretty wild already. The males have the spongy compartment on their back legs.

Speaker 1: Does the spongy compartment sound like a phone ringing? Here we go. Okay. Sorry about that. Okay. So they've got a spongy compartment on their back legs and what do they do with that?

Speaker 2: Yeah. So what they do is they'll fly throughout the forest and they're curating this species specific mix of scents from orchids, flowers, fungi, and they can fly even 20 miles in a trip searching for not only nectar, but this crazy combination of scents. Wow. And then they use this to attract females. Cool.

So orchid bees have this crazy practice where it's almost like a bird leck and they group together and the males release the scent and that's how the females decide who their mate's going to be. Awesome.

Speaker 1: That is so cool. That is, that is one of the best suggestions. And I do remember we did, some people have recommended it in the past or their favorite. Lynn Royce pointed out there's an old study where they would collect DDT. Whoa. Apparently, and they were actually out seeking it because it was close to the compound for their like, their mix. Yeah.

Speaker 2: And interestingly, I've heard that some populations have expanded to Florida now. So you can actually find orchid bees in the US now.

Speaker 1: All right. I'm going. Thanks for taking time out. This is really great. And we're really looking forward to more results coming out from this study of forest managers across the state or waiting with bated breath. Great.

Speaker 2: Yeah. Thanks for this opportunity.

Speaker 1: Thanks so much for listening. Show notes with information discussed in each episode can be found at pollinationpodcast.oregonstate.edu. We'd also love to hear from you and there's several ways to connect. For one, you can visit our website to post an episode specific comment, suggest a future guest or topic, or ask a question that can be featured in a future episode. You can also email us at [email protected] Finally, you can tweet questions or comments or join our Facebook or Instagram communities. Just look us up at OSU Pollinator Health. If you like the show, consider letting iTunes know by leaving us a review or rating.

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